Automobile and electronics manufacturing have accounted for about 90% of the industrial robots purchased in the U.S. Studies by Stanford researchers examined the impact of AI and robotics in manufacturing, retail banking and nursing homes. Initially the introduction of robots and AI replaced human workers but over time new jobs at least partially offset the losses. It takes time for robots to deliver higher productivity, which can allow companies to expand. Car companies are experimenting with collaborative robots which take on physically demanding tasks while humans focus on detail work, such as customization.